Most advanced technologies in the world today

 Most advanced technologies in the world today

Here is a list of some of the most advanced technologies in the world today, including artificial intelligence (AI), along with a brief description of each:

1. Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Description: AI involves creating machines capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence. This includes machine learning, natural language processing, computer vision, and robotics.

Applications: Autonomous vehicles, voice assistants (e.g., Siri, Alexa), personalized recommendations, predictive analytics, and healthcare diagnostics.

2. Machine Learning (ML)

Description: A subset of AI that focuses on building systems that learn from data and improve their performance over time without being explicitly programmed.

Applications: Fraud detection, recommendation systems (e.g., Netflix, Amazon), image and speech recognition.

3. Quantum Computing

Description: Uses the principles of quantum mechanics to perform computations much faster than classical computers. Quantum bits (qubits) can represent and process more complex information.

Applications: Cryptography, complex simulations (e.g., drug discovery, materials science), optimization problems.

4. 5G Technology

Description: The fifth generation of mobile network technology offering higher speeds, lower latency, and the ability to connect more devices simultaneously.

Applications: Enhanced mobile broadband, Internet of Things (IoT), autonomous vehicles, remote surgeries.

5. Blockchain Technology

Description: A decentralized ledger technology that ensures secure and transparent record-keeping across distributed networks.

Applications: Cryptocurrencies (e.g., Bitcoin, Ethereum), smart contracts, supply chain management, voting systems.

6. Internet of Things (IoT)

Description: A network of interconnected devices that can collect and exchange data over the internet, enabling smart homes, cities, and industries.

Applications: Smart home devices (e.g., thermostats, lights), industrial automation, health monitoring systems.

7. Edge Computing

Description: Processing data closer to where it is generated rather than in a centralized data center, reducing latency and bandwidth use.

Applications: Real-time analytics, autonomous vehicles, industrial IoT.

8. Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR)

Description: AR overlays digital information on the real world, while VR immerses users in a fully virtual environment.

Applications: Gaming, training simulations, virtual tours, remote assistance.

9. 3D Printing (Additive Manufacturing)

Description: Creating three-dimensional objects layer by layer using digital models, enabling rapid prototyping and manufacturing.

Applications: Custom prosthetics, aerospace components, automotive parts, construction.

10. CRISPR and Gene Editing

Description: A technology that allows precise modifications to DNA, enabling the correction of genetic defects and the enhancement of biological traits.

Applications: Gene therapy, agriculture (e.g., disease-resistant crops), synthetic biology.

11. Autonomous Vehicles

Description: Vehicles equipped with advanced sensors, AI, and ML to navigate and operate without human intervention.

Applications: Self-driving cars, delivery drones, autonomous public transport.

12. Robotics and Automation

Description: The use of robots to perform tasks with high precision and efficiency, often in environments unsuitable for humans.

Applications: Manufacturing, healthcare (e.g., surgical robots), logistics, exploration (e.g., Mars rovers).

13. Nanotechnology

Description: The manipulation and control of matter at the nanometer scale to create materials and devices with unique properties.

Applications: Medicine (e.g., targeted drug delivery), electronics, materials science.

14. Biotechnology

Description: The use of biological processes and organisms to develop products and technologies for various applications.

Applications: Pharmaceuticals, agricultural biotech (e.g., GMOs), biofuels, bioplastics.

15. Renewable Energy Technologies

Description: Advanced technologies to harness energy from renewable sources like solar, wind, and bioenergy.

Applications: Solar panels, wind turbines, bioenergy plants, energy storage systems (e.g., batteries).

16. Advanced Materials

Description: Development of new materials with exceptional properties for use in various industries.

Applications: Graphene, carbon nanotubes, smart materials, high-temperature superconductors.

17. Cybersecurity Technologies

Description: Advanced methods and tools to protect data and systems from cyber threats.

Applications: Encryption, intrusion detection systems, secure communications, blockchain for security.

18. Wearable Technology

Description: Electronic devices worn on the body that monitor health, fitness, and other personal metrics.

Applications: Smartwatches, fitness trackers, health monitors, augmented reality glasses.

19. Artificial Organs and Bioengineering

Description: Creating synthetic organs and tissues to replace or support biological functions.

Applications: Artificial hearts, bioengineered skin, lab-grown organs.

20. Space Technology

Description: Advanced technologies for exploring and utilizing space.

Applications: Reusable rockets (e.g., SpaceX’s Falcon 9), space tourism, satellite communications, Mars exploration missions.

These technologies are transforming various sectors, driving innovation, and reshaping the future. Each of these advancements brings unique benefits and challenges, influencing how we live, work, and interact with the world.

Childlessness - Infertility - TEX 13 B

 సంతాన లేమికి కారణం తెలిసింది!

తల్లి శపిస్తే పిల్లలు పుట్టరని చెప్పుకునేవారు. ఇప్పుడు దాన్నే CCMB  Testis-Expressed Protein 13Bతో శాస్త్రీయంగా వివరించింది.

TEX 13 B

childlessness

Childlessness is the state of not having children. Childlessness may have personal, social or political significance.

Childlessness, which may be by choice or circumstance, is distinguished from voluntary childlessness, also called being "childfree", which is voluntarily having no children, and from antinatalism, wherein childlessness is promoted.

Types

See also: Clerical celibacy

Types of childlessness can be classified into several categories:[1]

natural sterility randomly affects individuals. One can think of it as the minimum level of permanent childlessness that we can observe in any given society, and is of the order of 2 percent, in line with data from the Hutterites, a group established as the demographic standard in the 1950s.

social sterility, which one can also call poverty-driven childlessness, or endogenous sterility, describes the situation of poor women whose fecundity has been affected by poor living conditions.

people who are childless by circumstance. These people can be childless because they have not met a partner with whom they would like to have children, or because they tried unsuccessfully to conceive at an advanced maternal age, or because they suffer from certain medical issues, such as endometriosis or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), that make it difficult for them to conceive.

people who are childless by choice.

The first three categories are often grouped under the label "involuntary childlessness". The latter category is often called "voluntary childlessness", also described as being "childfree", occurring when one decides not to reproduce.

TEX13B is important for germ cell development and male fertility

Umesh Kumar, Digumarthi V S Sudhakar, Nithyapriya Kumar, Hanuman T Kale, Rajan Kumar Jha, Nalini J Gupta, B N Chakravarthy, Mamata Deenadayal, Aarti Deenadayal Tolani,  View ORCID ProfileSwasti Raychaudhuri, P Chandra Shekar, Kumarasamy Thangaraj

doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.01.11.475851

0000000

AbstractFull TextInfo/HistoryMetrics Preview PDF

Abstract

The recent epidemiological studies suggest that nearly one out of every 7 reproductive age couples face problem to conceive a child after trying for at least one year. Impaired fertility of the male partner is causative in approximately 50% of the infertile couples. However, the etiologies of large proportion of male infertility are still unclear. Our unpublished exome sequencing data identified several novel genes including TEX13B, which motivated us to further explore the role of TEX13B in male infertility in large infertile case control cohort. Hence in this study, we have examined the role of TEX13B in male infertility by whole gene sequencing 628 infertile and 427 control men and have demonstrated the functional role of Tex13b in spermatogonia GC1spg (GC1) cells. We identified 2 variants on TEX13B which are tightly associated with male infertility. TEX13B gene exclusively expressed in germ cells, but its molecular functions in germ cells are still unknown. Hence, we demonstrated the functional importance of Tex13b in GC1 cell line by genomic manipulation via CRISPR-Cas9 and mass spectrometry-based whole cell proteomics. The gene knock out in GC1 cell line clearly shows that Tex13b play an important role in germ cell growth and morphology. We demonstrate that Tex13b knockout or conditional overexpression in GC1 cells reprograms the metabolic status from an oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis state and vice versa. In conclusion, our study clearly showed the importance of Tex13b in germ cells development and Its association with male infertility.

Introduction

Infertility, defined as inability of a couple to conceive a child after trying to conceive for one year is a major reproductive health problem in about 15 percent reproductive age couples around the globe (ref). Impaired fertility of the male partner is causative risk factor in approximately 50% of the infertile couples. Data from our laboratory has shown that about 8.5% infertility among Indian men is due to the Y chromosome microdeletion. Further, analysis of several autosomal genes (CAMK4, UBE2B and TNP2-4) accounted for additional 17.5% genetic factors responsible for infertility among Indian men (ref). However, etiologies of large proportion of male infertility are still unclear therefore, it is essential to identify the novel causative mutations for male infertility.

Recent genomic studies revealed that the mutations in mammalian X chromosome have direct impact on fertility because X chromosome is enriched for genes involved in spermatogenesis (Stouffs et al., 2009). A recent study has shown that an x chromosome gene TEX11 mutations were a common cause of meiotic arrest and azoospermia in infertile men (Yang et al., 2015). Another study has stress on the X chromosome genes which express exclusively male germ cells, identified 10 X-linked genes, including Tex13b in mouse as well as human homolog of Tex13, TEX13B. TEX13B is orthologous to mouse gene Tex13b that is found to be is involved in transcriptional regulation during spermatogenesis (Wang et al., 2001). Furthermore, recently it has been shown that Tex13b express specifically pre-leptotene stage of the spermatogonia cells, indicating its potent role in spermatogenesis. The importance of Tex13b in spermatogonia differentiation is indicated in another study since Tex13b found to be most highly connected to the genes specific to germ cells by hub-gene-network analysis (Liao et al., 2017). However, the molecular function TEX13B gene is yet to be explored in germ cells and its association in male infertility.

Since TEX13B has been found as a novel hit in our exome sequencing (unpublished), we have sequenced the coding region (exon 2 and 3) of TEX13B in 628 infertile men (nature of infertile patients) along with 427 ethnically matched fertile controls. We have identified two variants in the coding region of TEX13B and found to be significantly associated with azoospermia patients. To explore the molecular function of TEX13B we created the Tex13b knockout spermatogonia GC1spg (GC1) cells. We specifically choose GC1 cells to characterized Tex13b because these cells belong to pre-leptotene stage of germ cells (spermatogonia B) and Tex13 expresses specifically at this stage (Hofmann, Narisawa, Hess, & Millan, 1992; Wang et al., 2001). Since Tex13b shown to be a transcription factor, hence, to examine the differential protein expression in Tex13b knockout cells we performed isotope labeling by amino acid in cell culture (SILAC) and mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Results in this study clearly show that Tex13b regulate balance between OXPHOS and glycolysis.

Results

TEX13B variants associated with male infertility

TEX13B (Testis-Expressed Protein 13B) is another candidate gene identified by exome sequencing with the non-synonymous variant rs41300872 (p.Gly197Arg) showing significant association with male infertility (OR=1.77, 95% CI); P=0.002. TEX13B is a gene located on X-chromosome and is exclusively expressed in male germ cells and spermatogonia (Wang, McCarrey, Yang, & Page, 2001). To identify additional genetic variants, we sequenced the complete coding region of TEX13B in 628 infertile men (443 NOA, 105 OAT and 80 severe oligozoospermia individuals) along with 427 ethnically matched fertile control men (Table 1). We found an additional rare variant, rs775429506 (p.Gly237Glu) exclusively in two NOA men.

Is infertility genetic in males?

Male-factor infertility and genetics: Is male infertility ...

Some experts estimate that 10–15% of male infertility cases are caused by genetics — others calculate it's more like 60%. So while other male fertility factors like age, diet, lifestyle, and hormones may be common, genetics is sometimes a factor or even the sole cause of male-factor infertility.2 Aug 2022

Resolutions in Digital Displays

 *Resolutions in Digital Displays*

*HD (High Definition):*

HD refers to a resolution of 1280x720 pixels, also known as 720p.

It provides a higher level of detail and clarity compared to standard definition (SD) displays.

HD is widely used in televisions, computer monitors, and video streaming services.

*FHD (Full High Definition):*

FHD refers to a resolution of 1920x1080 pixels, also known as 1080p.

It offers even greater detail and clarity than HD, providing a more immersive viewing experience.

FHD is commonly found in televisions, computer monitors, gaming consoles, and Blu-ray discs.

*UHD (Ultra High Definition):*

UHD is also known as 4K, and it encompasses two resolutions: 3840x2160 pixels (commonly referred to as 4K UHD) and 4096x2160 pixels (referred to as DCI 4K).

4K UHD offers four times the resolution of FHD, resulting in incredibly sharp and detailed images.

UHD displays are becoming increasingly popular in televisions, computer monitors, digital cameras, and video production equipment.

*4K (Quad High Definition) QHD:*

4K is often used interchangeably with UHD, but it technically refers to a resolution of 4096x2160 pixels, commonly known as DCI 4K.

It is primarily used in professional video production, digital cinema, and high-end displays.

The term "4K" has become synonymous with UHD in consumer electronics, referring to displays with a resolution of 3840x2160 pixels.

In summary, HD, FHD, UHD, and 4K are different resolutions used to describe the level of detail and clarity in digital displays, with each offering progressively higher levels of resolution and image quality.

Setting up an FM radio or community radio station in Vijayawada,

 Setting up an FM radio or community radio station in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, would require obtaining various licenses and permissions from regulatory authorities. Here's an overview of the licenses required and an estimate of the costs involved:

1. Broadcasting License: You would need to obtain a broadcasting license from the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. This license authorizes you to operate a radio station and broadcast content over the airwaves. The process for obtaining this license involves submitting an application along with required documents and paying the requisite fees.

2. Wireless Operating License: You would also need a Wireless Operating License from the Wireless Planning & Coordination (WPC) Wing of the Ministry of Communications, Government of India. This license allows you to use radio frequency spectrum for broadcasting purposes. The cost of this license depends on factors such as the power of your transmitter and the frequency band allocated to your station.

3. Clearances from Local Authorities: Depending on the location and other factors, you may need clearances or permissions from local authorities, such as the municipal corporation or local government bodies.

4. Content Permissions: You would need to ensure that you have the necessary permissions for the content you plan to broadcast, including music licenses, copyrights, and permissions for any other copyrighted material.

5. Infrastructure Costs: Setting up a radio station involves various infrastructure costs, including studio equipment, transmission equipment (transmitters, antennas, etc.), and facilities for broadcasting and production.

6. Operational Costs: You would need to budget for ongoing operational costs, including salaries for staff, maintenance of equipment, electricity bills, and other overhead expenses.

The costs involved in setting up and operating an FM radio or community radio station can vary widely depending on factors such as the scale of the operation, the coverage area, the quality of equipment, and other considerations. It's advisable to consult with experts in the field, such as broadcasting consultants or professionals with experience in setting up radio stations, to get a more accurate estimate of the costs involved for your specific project. Additionally, conducting thorough research and due diligence before proceeding with the project can help you understand the regulatory requirements and financial implications involved.

A commercial FM radio station in India starts at 50 lakhs and costs up to 25 crores. (Examples: 98.3 FM Radio Mirchi, 94.3 MY FM). The policy and instructions provided by the MIB, Government of India, for obtaining your FM License are available for easy download in PDF format!16 Sept 2022

Cancer cases : భారత్‌లో విజృంభణ

 Cancer cases : భారత్‌లో విజృంభణ

ABN , Publish Date - Feb 03 , 2024 | 05:01 AM

దేశంలో క్యాన్సర్‌ విజృంభిస్తోంది. ఆ మహమ్మారి కేసుల సంఖ్య క్రమంగా పెరుగుతోంది. ఒక్క 2022లోనే మనదేశంలో 14 లక్షల క్యాన్సర్‌ కేసులు..

Cancer cases : భారత్‌లో విజృంభణ

స్త్రీలలో రొమ్ము, గర్భాశయ క్యాన్సర్లు అధికం

2022లో 14 లక్షల కేసులు.. 9 లక్షల మరణాలు

పురుషుల్లో నోటి, లంగ్‌ క్యాన్సర్లు: డబ్ల్యూహెచ్‌వో

నిరుడు 3.4లక్షల సర్వైకల్‌ కేసులు: కేంద్రం

తెలంగాణలో ఏటా 15 వేల సర్వైకల్‌ క్యాన్సర్లు?

ఎంఎన్‌జే ఆస్పత్రిలో 13% కేసులు అవే

హైదరాబాద్‌, ఫిబ్రవరి 2 (ఆంధ్రజ్యోతి): దేశంలో క్యాన్సర్‌ విజృంభిస్తోంది. ఆ మహమ్మారి కేసుల సంఖ్య క్రమంగా పెరుగుతోంది. ఒక్క 2022లోనే మనదేశంలో 14 లక్షల క్యాన్సర్‌ కేసులు.. 9.1 లక్షల క్యాన్సర్‌ మరణాలు నమోదయ్యాయని ప్రపంచ ఆరోగ్య సంస్థ (డబ్ల్యూహెచ్‌వో)కు చెందిన క్యాన్సర్‌ విభాగం ‘ఇంటర్నేషనల్‌ ఏజెన్సీ ఫర్‌ రిసెర్చ్‌ ఆన్‌ క్యాన్సర్‌ (ఐఏఆర్‌సీ) వెల్లడించింది. పురుషుల్లో నోటి (లిప్‌, ఓరల్‌ క్యావిటీ) క్యాన్సర్‌ (మొత్తం క్యాన్సర్‌ కేసుల్లో 15.3%), ఊపిరితిత్తుల క్యాన్సర్‌ (8.5%).. మహిళల్లో రొమ్ము (27%), గర్భాశయ ముఖద్వార క్యాన్సర్‌ కేసులు (18%) ఎక్కువగా నమోదవుతున్నట్టు పేర్కొంది. భారతదేశంలో 75 ఏళ్లలోపు వారు క్యాన్సర్‌ బారిన పడే ముప్పు 10.6 శాతం, ఆ మహమ్మారి కారణంగా మరణించే ముప్పు 7.2 శాతంగా ఉందని.. అంతర్జాతీయంగా ఈ రెండింటి సగటు వరుసగా 20 శాతం, 9.6 శాతం ఉన్నాయని ఐఏఆర్‌సీ వివరించింది. ప్రపంచవ్యాప్తంగా ఏటా 2కోట్ల క్యాన్సర్‌ కేసులు, 97 లక్షల మరణాలు నమోదు అవుతున్నాయని వెల్లడించింది. డబ్ల్యూహెచ్‌వో మొత్తం 115 దేశాల్లో సర్వే నిర్వహించి.. వరల్డ్‌ క్యాన్సర్‌ డే (ఫిబ్రవరి 4) సందర్భంగా ఆ ఫలితాలను వెలువరించింది. మహిళల్లో నమోదవుతున్న అత్యధిక కేసుల్లో రెండో స్థానంలో రొమ్ము క్యాన్సర్‌ (11.6 శాతం) ఉన్నప్పటికీ.. దానివల్ల మరణాల ముప్పు (7 శాతమే) తక్కువగా ఉందని వివరించింది. అలాగే ప్రపంచవ్యాప్తంగా మహిళల్లో ఎక్కువగా నమోదవుతున్న క్యాన్సర్లలో ఎనిమిదో స్థానంలో గర్భాశయ ముఖద్వార క్యాన్సర్‌ ఉందని.. క్యాన్సర్‌ మరణాల్లో 9వ స్థానంలో ఉందని వెల్లడించింది. 2050 నాటికి ప్రపంచవ్యాప్తంగా ఏటా 3.5 కోట్ల క్యాన్సర్‌ కేసులు నమోదు అయ్యే ప్రమాదం ఉందని హెచ్చరించింది. క్యాన్సర్‌ కేసుల పెరుగుదల సామాజిక ఆర్థికాభివృద్ధిపై తీవ్ర ప్రభావం చూపుతుందని పేర్కొంది.

ప్రపంచవ్యాప్తంగా..

ప్రపంచవ్యాప్తంగా మహిళల్లో సర్వైకల్‌ క్యాన్సర్‌ కేసుల సంఖ్య పెరుగుతున్నట్లు డబ్ల్యూహెచ్‌వో వెల్లడించింది. సర్వైకల్‌ క్యాన్సర్‌ ఎలిమినేషన్‌ ఇనిషియేటివ్‌ ప్రొగ్రామ్‌ ద్వారా గర్భాశయ క్యాన్సర్‌ను నిర్మూలించవచ్చని డబ్ల్యూహెచ్‌వో అభిప్రాయపడింది. కాగా. మనదేశంలో 2023 సంవత్సరంలో 3.4 లక్షలకు పైగా గర్భాశయ ముఖద్వార క్యాన్సర్‌కేసులు నమోదైనట్టు భారత వైద్య పరిశోధన మండలికి చెందిన జాతీయ క్యాన్సర్‌ రిజిస్ట్రీ ప్రోగ్రామ్‌ తెలిపింది. ఈ విషయాన్ని కేంద్రం శుక్రవారం లోక్‌సభలో వెల్లడించింది. ఈ మహమ్మారిని ఎదుర్కొనేందుకు రాష్ట్రాలు, కేంద్రపాలిత ప్రాంతాలకు సాంకేతిక ఆర్థిక సహాయాన్ని అందజేస్తున్నట్టు కేంద్రమంత్రి సత్యపాల్‌ సింగ్‌ తెలిపారు.

Artificial Creation of bio-chemicals

 "If the chemical in gourd that gives red colour to the skin is known, it can be created artificially" 

The statement "If the chemical in gourd that gives red colour to the skin is known, it can be created artificially" implies that if the specific chemical responsible for the red coloration in a gourd is identified, it could potentially be synthesized or created artificially in a laboratory setting. Let's break down this concept and consider its broader application to other contexts:

Identification of Natural Compounds:

In the context of a gourd, various pigments and compounds contribute to its coloration. If a specific compound is responsible for the red colour, researchers can isolate and identify that chemical.

Artificial Synthesis:

Once the chemical structure is known, scientists may attempt to synthesize the compound artificially. This involves recreating the molecular structure of the identified pigment through chemical processes.

Applications in Chemistry:

This concept aligns with principles in organic chemistry, where understanding the structure of natural compounds can lead to the development of synthetic versions. This has applications beyond gourds and can be extended to other natural products, pharmaceuticals, dyes, and materials.

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering:

In some cases, the production of specific compounds may also involve biotechnological approaches, including genetic engineering. Scientists might modify organisms to produce desired chemicals more efficiently.

Medicine and Drug Development:

Understanding the chemical composition of natural substances has implications in drug discovery. Identifying active compounds in medicinal plants, for example, can lead to the development of pharmaceuticals.

Food and Flavor Industry:

The food and flavor industry often uses knowledge of the chemical composition of natural ingredients to create artificial flavors and colors. This has applications in the production of food additives and flavorings.

Material Science:

The understanding and artificial synthesis of natural compounds also have relevance in material science. For instance, mimicking the properties of natural pigments can lead to the development of innovative materials.

Environmental Science:

Identifying and recreating natural compounds can also have implications in environmental science, such as understanding the chemical processes in ecosystems or developing environmentally friendly alternatives.

In essence, the statement reflects a broader scientific and technological principle: understanding the components of the natural world allows us to manipulate and recreate them for various purposes. This approach has led to numerous advancements in fields ranging from chemistry and biology to medicine and industry.

గోరింటాకు 

What is mehandi plant called in english?

Introduction: Lawsonia inermis L. also known as mehendi or henna is a shrub or small tree with dense branches, it is cultivated for its various parts (stem bark, roots, flowers and seeds) that are used in traditional medicine. It grows in tropical and subtropical areas.

henna tree, (Lawsonia inermis), tropical shrub or small tree of the loosestrife family (Lythraceae), native to northern Africa, Asia, and Australia. The leaves are the source of a reddish-brown dye, known as henna, which is commonly used for temporary body art and to dye fabrics.

Explain the word appropriation

Explain the word appropriation

ChatGPT

Appropriation, in a general sense, refers to the act of taking something for one's use, typically without permission or without due acknowledgment. It involves the appropriation or adoption of elements, ideas, symbols, cultural practices, or artistic expressions from one group or culture by another.

Cultural Appropriation: This term specifically refers to the adoption or use of elements from one culture by members of another culture, often without understanding or respecting the significance or context of those elements. Cultural appropriation can involve fashion, music, art, language, rituals, symbols, or traditions. When done without proper understanding or in a disrespectful manner, it can lead to misunderstandings, disrespect, or the commodification of sacred or culturally significant practices.

Artistic Appropriation: In the realm of art, appropriation can refer to the borrowing or utilization of existing images, objects, or artistic styles to create new artworks. Artists might appropriate images from popular culture, historical art, or other sources, recontextualizing them to convey new meanings or messages. This artistic practice can challenge notions of originality and authorship.

Intellectual Property Appropriation: It can involve the unauthorized use or reproduction of intellectual property, such as copyrighted material, trademarks, or patented inventions, without obtaining proper permission or licenses.

Appropriation is a complex and contested concept. While it can sometimes lead to cross-cultural exchange and creative innovation, it can also raise ethical, social, and legal concerns, especially when it involves the misuse, disrespect, or exploitation of elements from marginalized or historically oppressed cultures. Discussions around appropriation often involve considerations of power dynamics, respect for cultural heritage, and the ethical implications of borrowing or adopting cultural elements.